Class Discussion #1 - Nija Simmons

The National Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia values ancient Roman artifacts. This artifact called Necropoli della Cuccumella is a vase used for human ashes after death. The vase is made out of a thin bronze foil and metal. I learned that the horse represents power in the Etruscan culture. This artifact caught my attention because of its long-lasting quality. What an interesting historical artifact. 

Pompeii was very hot and humid but had beautiful ancient architecture. The Great Theatre of Pompeii is an open arena used for entertainment events such as sports and performances. I can't imagine how many people would appear at this theatre. The benches and steps are so narrow. Romans built this theatre out of stone and soil. They would carve rocks to form the structure of the theatre. It's amazing how the theatre was able to last over the years because of the quality of the material.

Ancient Rome on 5 Denarii a Day (Samantha Cantrell)

1. “Food is important to the Romans, and the taking of it generally a social occasion.” (39)

Throughout the trip, it was very clear that food is an important part of Roman culture.  Between plentiful street food options, hole-in-the-wall trattorias, and picturesque streetside and terrace dining, there was no shortage of opportunity to partake in the important tradition of sharing a meal with friends.

2. “…it seems as though every second street-front shop is an eatery of some description.  Some sell specialist snacks for one of Rome’s many ethnic groups, others offer full-scale meals for patrons relaxing under the awnings.  Wine is freely available, as are delicacies like dates imported from Africa and Palmyra.” (40)

Shopping for food and gifts in Rome was an overwhelming experience, but in a good way, because of the sheer variety of shops and restaurants available.  Much like in the height of the Roman empire, today there is still a massive selection of restaurants and eateries of all cuisines to choose from.  The streets are still lined with businesses selling anything you might need, and seating from restaurants spill onto the path outside for diners to enjoy some people-watching as they eat.

3. “The farmers arrive before dawn and set up their stalls in streets which are designated as market streets.  These are then closed to regular traffic…” (64)

Visiting street markets throughout Rome was amazing, especially seeing the sheer variety of products being offered, even though each booth was fairly small and specialized.  The fruits and vegetables were so bright and colorful, and everything seemed to be fresh and ready to take home to cook right away.  This is so different from the massive supermarkets we’ve become accustomed to in the US, which made the whole experience more exciting because it was so different from the way we would typically shop.

4. “On the central part of the hill is the Domus Augustana, once home to the emperor Augustus.  Before Augustus, the Palatine housed many elite Roman households...But the Palatine was gradually taken over by Augustus’ ever-expanding palace…” (128)

Even now, the Domus Augustana (House of Augustus) remains beautifully preserved, and it is still an incredible testament to the beauty of ancient Roman archaeology.  It towers above its surroundings on the Palatine Hill, which Augustus mainly prioritized as an administrative space, which makes the ruins even more impressive by comparison.  While there are other plenty of other interesting sites on the hill, particularly near its base, the massive complex certainly stands out.

5. “This [aqueduct system] runs through mountains and over rivers, and is so solidly built that it is perhaps the world’s only municipal service that will still be partially functional after 1,800 years of use.” (17-18)

While most of Rome’s water is no longer supplied by the original aqueduct system, there are a few still standing that feed Rome’s fountains, including the iconic Trevi Fountain.  While it has undergone renovation and restoration, the Aqua Virgo (now called Aqua Vergine) still supplies water to this fountain, and although it is far from its original capacity of over 100,000 cubic meters per day it is still a powerful reminder of the empire’s influence.

6. “Just before the next bridge, a few hundred yards upstream, is the Theatre of Marcellus, dedicated by Augustus in about 17 BC to the memory of his recently deceased nephew of that name.  With walls over 98 feet high, and seating over 14,000 spectators, this is the grandest of Rome’s stone theatres.” (131)

The Theatre of Marcellus and its surrounding area was one of the more underrated sites we visited in Rome, and I agree that it is an incredible sight to see.  The beautifully preserved arches may have lost some of their detail over time, but the level of detailed construction and craftsmanship are still evident thousands of years later.  Since we discovered in Ostia that some theaters have maintained their perfect acoustics throughout the years, I couldn’t help but wonder if this would be the case if we were to enter the Theatre of Marcellus today, but nonetheless it is a breathtaking site to visit from the outside.

7. “The Arch of Titus lies between the Forum and the Colosseum, and the passage beneath the arch is packed with people moving between the two.  Still, it is worth standing against this human tide to admire one of the most imposing of the two dozen or so triumphal arches scattered about the city.” (118)

The size of the Arch of Titus and meticulous detail within its carvings are so impressive, which serves its purpose of honoring a triumphal victory.  I visited the arch twice during our trip, once early in the morning (as pictured) and once later in the evening, and the difference between the two experiences was huge.  While the morning was fairly quiet with almost no other visitors in the area, by evening the space around the arch was packed.  While visitors cannot pass under the arch as they once did (it’s now fenced off), the imposing draw of this arch has remained, and when combined with the view of the Colosseum to its side creates a truly breathtaking view.

8. “The Colosseum (properly known as the Flavian Amphitheater) itself is the most imposing stadium on earth.” (82)

Thousands of years after its construction, the Colosseum remains absolutely breathtaking and incredibly impressive.  It’s almost incomprehensible how a feat of architecture like this was completed so long ago, and that it remains so well-preserved to this day.  The sheer size of the building is certainly intimidating, and the massive halls and the arena floor itself clearly demonstrated its imposing nature, as well as the intensity of the events that took place within it.

9. “Shopping, even in the capital of the world, is a rather hit-and-miss affair.  Rome has an impressive array of foodstuffs, and these are widely available.  Likewise specialist shops cater for particular needs…” (63)

This assessment of shopping in Rome is incredibly applicable to my experience: while there were some incredible shops, there were also plenty of tourist traps selling the same items as hundreds of others that looked exactly the same.  I was able to find some amazing markets, as well as plenty of specialty shops off the beaten path, but I personally preferred shopping in Florence by far.  There, I was able to find some amazing gifts for family and friends (and myself of course), including a little mom-and-pop leather shop that had been run by a married couple for over 30 years, where I was able to watch one of the owners in the process of putting together a bag by hand in the back half of the shop that had been designated as a workshop area.  While there were plenty of opportunities to do some unique and exciting shopping in Rome, there were also many scammers and sellers peddling mass-produced, cheaply made products that were a bit of a pain to avoid.

10. “The tyrant emperor’s gallery was lavishly decorated in stucco and allowed him to stroll in comfort down the hill to his magnificent Golden House (now demolished to make way for the Colosseum).” (128)

While Nero’s Golden House may have been demolished, its reappearance and the subsequent inspiration it provided create somewhat conflicting responses.  On one hand, Nero’s mistreatment of the Roman people should inspire backlash, but on the other hand the accidental preservation of his excessively opulent palace gives us a far deeper insight into this period of history than we would have otherwise.  As we explored the Domus Area, I was torn between the feeling of being connected to history and present in a more tangible way than I had in many ruins, but also aware of the fact that this level of wealth is beyond what most people could ever experience or hope to understand.

11. “Those journeying towards Rome past Tibur (later called Tivoli) should beg, bribe, or trade favors to get among the spectacular gardens and statues of the emperor Hadrian’s villa.  This massive complex is itself the size of a small town.  It has lakes, fountains, libraries, baths, temples, and a theatre.” (16)

Near the end of our trip, we took a trip to Tivoli, where we were able to explore the ruins of Emperor Hadrian’s villa.  Even with the several hours that we spent there, it was impossible to view the full scope of the massive villa complex.  Even in their current state the ruins were breathtaking, and it’s hard to imagine how spectacular they may have been at their prime, and I’m certain they would have been well worth the effort to visit.

12. “Don’t expect to travel the roads in comfort.” (10)

While the roads have been rebuilt and redesigned throughout history, traversing Rome’s roads is still not smooth sailing.  Between the driving patterns (or lack thereof) that seemed to view traffic laws as suggestions rather than rules, the uneven cobbled streets, and Vespa drivers seemingly appearing out of thin air to speed through alleys, travel throughout Rome was far from comfortable.  The methods that we use today certainly differ from what ancient Romans would have had access to (aside from walking), but one thing remains consistent: navigating the roads of Rome is not for the faint of heart.

13. “The rich marble flooring, the interarching columns and niches of the lower walls, the internal colonnades, and the profusion of light and colour combine to make this a temple of enduring fascination, an architectural and artistic tour de force that will endure for millennia.” (103)

As impressive as the Pantheon was from the outside, nothing prepared me for just how beautiful the interior would be.  The intricately designed interior was truly incredible, and beyond impressive.  I also found it interesting to think about the fact that the space was originally dedicated to all the Olympian gods, but has been converted to focus on significant figures of Catholicism.  This shift in the function of the space undoubtedly changed the overall atmosphere from what it may have once been, but the building itself is still such a stunning example of how modern and ancient architecture can coexist to enhance each other.

14. “The Roman year is packed with festivals, many to gods no one remembers and whose rites are celebrated by priests in obscure temples.  However, other celebrations are extremely public, and not only can a visitor not miss them, many visitors come to Rome especially for them.” (103)

Since our trip to Rome coincided with Italy’s Republic Day celebration, I was able to witness some of the festivities firsthand, for better or worse.  One of the highlights of my trip was being able to see the tricolor jet display, which I had an amazing view of from the roof of our hotel.  Of course, it was also visible across other parts of the city, making it an extremely public and busy celebration.  This meant that I had trouble returning to the hotel at one point since I had gone for an early morning walk and crowds had materialized while I was away, completely blocking main roads.  While ancient Rome wouldn’t have had jet displays, it’s still interesting to see that the tradition of exciting festivals has continued and grown throughout the years.

15. “For visitors, no trip to Rome is complete without a trip to the Forum, simply because so much of Rome’s history happened in this one small valley.” (115)

This incredible view over the Forum was another of the highlights of the trip for me.  It’s hard to wrap my mind around the fact that Rome was once essentially the world’s central power, and that this area was once the heart of the mighty empire.  It was almost overwhelming to think about the fact that I was looking over the area where so many decisions were made that led to the world we have today, and that even today we are able to see what was essentially the capital of the ancient world.  Being able to look down at what remains from such a powerful civilization really put into perspective the fact that one day we may be no different, and that ancient Romans were people with complex lives much like us.  Being able to view their influence even now was an experience I will never forget.

 

Discussion 5 @ Hadrian's Villa

At times it can be hard to imagine the daily life of ancient people as they are often viewed as historical objects rather than actual human beings. This is especially the case when looking at those who held great deals of power, such as the Emperors of Rome, however, walking through an ancient location that they once occupied can help paint a picture of their life and the life of those around them more fully. Thus, walking through the Villa of Hadrian allowed me to see Hadrian not only as a historical figure who once held great amounts of power, but also allowed me to see the more human side of this historical figure and the people who may have been around him.

As we got into the Villa the first thing I did was sit down somewhat near the casino and watch bees and ants go about their business. I was encapsulated by these tiny insects while I was surrounded by incredible architectural artifacts, which made me think about how ancient peoples probably did the same thing. Following this train of thought, I then thought of Hadrian, a member of his family, or one of the many enslaved people that he claimed to own to maintain his Villa sitting down and being infatuated with the actions of bees and ants in the manner that I was. Though this was not the most “academic” way to think about an ancient place or an ancient people, it allowed me to view both the location and the people that occupied it as human; not simply as a historical object, but as something that truly had an essence of life and character like the people and places that exist today. 

This was my viewing experience at Hadrian’s Villas; it was a nice change of pace for me.

Discussion 4 @ Galleria Accademia

The process in which art is created may be overlooked, but it remains a thing arguably as interesting as the art itself. For me, it can be hard to imagine how canvass and oil paints or stone and chisel can become a magnificent painting or sculpture but seeing Michelangelo's unfinished sculptures allowed me to understand the process and the art itself more fully.

The unfinished works illustrated to me the idea that sculptors pull something latent out of the material in front of them. The half-formed bodies trying to escape from the blocks of marble allowed me to realize how Michelangelo pulled his vision out of a mere piece of stone. Having a better picture of the creative process of sculpting also allowed me to have a fuller appreciation for the art itself. I was able to better appreciate the intricate details of each statue, particularly the emotion that had somehow been displayed through the stone. Each sculpture became more than simply that, but rather seemed like a moment out of a story that played out in my head. I like to think that the artist had more to the story than the simple moment that may be depicted in a work of art, thus allowing me to interpret the rest of the story both for myself and as the artist may have envisioned it. The emotions of the statues really added a lot to the storytelling aspect of this artistic medium for me as I was able to feel character within the person or animal depicted within the sculpture. I gained a new appreciation for the various mediums of storytelling through art from my viewing experience at the Galleria Accademia. 

 

Discussion 3 @ St. Peter's Basilica

Many of the places or objects we viewed, or perhaps experienced, were hard to wrap one’s head completely around. Many of the things we experienced held so much history within their bodies that it may in fact be impossible to completely wrap one’s head around, To me, however, the most unreal viewing experience was during our optional visit to St. Peter’s Basilica.
The perceived perfection of every detail lined the Basilica coincided with the grandiose nature of the building itself to create an experience that is hard to encapsulate in words. It was as though I was entering a place described or depicted in a work of fiction rather than an actual physical location. I could not help myself from thinking about the wealth and power needed to build a structure of this scale and luxury. Being a sacred/religious place in some ways added to this thought as I began thinking about all of the horrible things that this body of power had carried out or justified over the course of its existence. This branch of thinking made me feel out of place and in some ways guilty as I became critical of the site which others held as one of the most adored places of their religion. I do think it is important to think about the power that the Church has held and in some ways continues to hold but I am not sure if the way in which I thought about the Basilica was the most respectful way to analyze the power of the Church.

It was probably the grandest and most beautiful building I have ever been in, yet there was something scary about these qualities, at least to me. It is frightening that there is a continued pattern of exuberant wealth and power being consolidated in small groups of people. This pattern seems to almost always end in suffering yet we still cling to the idea. This was my experience of viewing at St. Peter’s Basilica.

 

Discussion 2 @Roman Forum

I find it troubling that many times “normal people” are not really recognized or emphasized in historical studies. Ancient societies would not have been able to operate without the existence of said “normal people” yet often their contributions are not highlighted. Partially, for this reason, it was hard for me to imagine the City of Rome had existed in some form for thousands of years. Visiting the Roman Forum helped me to picture the age and history of the city better, however. It is still odd to say that I was in the location which Ancient Roman citizens would consider the heart of their city, though I think being there allowed me to imagine streets and buildings filled with people as they would have been in ancient times.  Being in the physical historical location helped me to visualize the everyday person that had existed during that historical period.

 Viewing the ruins of what once was the heart of the Roman city also allowed me to more fully visualize and understand the history of Ancient Rome. The fall of the Roman Republic, the Empirical rule of Rome, and other historical events became things that people actually experienced rather than ones that we only read about. Coming to this fuller understanding was definitely hastened by being in the center of the historical location where these events played out. It was interesting for me to think about what might be left of the American empire thousands of years from now which people may walk through and recall the history of the country. 

 

Ryan 5 Denarii a Day

“The killer [in a case of patricide] would find himself sewn into a leather sack with a dog, a cock, a viper, and an ape, … would be violently beaten, then dropped into the Tiber” (60).

The beautiful view of the Tiber River does betray its brutal past use in this example of capital punishment.

“Despite the 50,000-80,000 people packing the stands, from almost every angle the arena is surprisingly close and personal” (83).

The floor of the Colosseum did seem quite close despite its size.

“For excitement and spectacle the Circus is indeed ‘Maximus’” (88).

The Circus doesn’t seem very Maximus anymore :/

“Considering the future consequences of the religion he brought to Rome, Peter’s tomb is rather humble and inconspicuous” (124).

Though not technically the tomb of St. Peter, St. Peter’s Basilica is not very humble or inconspicuous.

“The function of these villas is less agricultural than to provide refuge from the heat, noise and distractions of city life” (15).

The fountain of this villa was certainly a change of pace from the city of Rome itself.

“Trajan’s Forum is dominated by this huge column”(122).

Trajan’s Column is quite dominating.

“For visitors, no trip to Rome is complete without a trip to the Forum, simply because so much of Rome’s history happened in this one small valley” (115).

Overlooking the ruins of the Forum and thus the history of Rome made my trip more complete.

“Anyone with goods to dispose of might go to a designated commercial area and set up his pitch” (68).

Kind of similar to the small market in Trastevere which sold fruit, vegetable, and other products.

“Since the government of Rome is concerned only with public order, the job of fighting crime is left to Joe Citizen (74)”.

It is interesting to think about how global economic development has influenced the use of military force and the militarization of police forces.

“The Roman year is packed with festivals” (103).

Such as the street festival which featured a puppet show that a few of us stumbled upon in Trastevere.

“Other celebrations are extremely public, and not only can a visitor not miss them, many visitors also come to Rome especially for them” (103).

The celebration of Republic Day could be classified as an extremely public celebration.

“The main course is meat, game, poultry, and combinations of each, so smothered in pungent sauce that it can be hard to determine what is underneath” (46). 

This passage made me think of the Bolognese sauce that topped this lasagna.

“Dessert is no afterthought, and may well be an extravagance of sweetmeats, pastries, fresh fruit and nuts” (46).

As I had two servings of tiramisu in one night I can confirm dessert is not an afterthought in Rome.

“The tone of the evening will be set by the entertainment. There may be readings from the philosophers, cithara music, or poetic works” (46).

This poem hung on the wall of a restaurant. Though it was not actually read and I couldn’t understand it, it was entertaining to look at.

“The Romans pay great attention to their horoscopes” (71).

Though it was hard to see stars, or at times even the moon, it is interesting to think about how ancient Romans viewed these astrological objects in various contexts.

Discussion 5:Villa Giulia / National Etruscan Museum

 On May 24^th the group and I visited  Villa Giulia / National Etruscan Museum where after a guided tour we got to walk around the museum ourselves and see things we would of not with being guided. My friend and I discovered these superhero fetuses made by a French artist Alexandre Nicholas. I got too these fetuses in only three angles not from behind or bottom, but it was in a special called synthetic crystal acrylic. Being in this glass made it stand out more and this is what this artist was also known for. Putting these fetuses in it could make the people walking around, catch their eyes and to learn more about it. These fetuses were to show the vulnerability of the superheroes but how they are in that pose to one day show their potential and what they have to offer the world. That’s how I saw it, the superhero’s in a state that makes them so fragile but seeing it enclosed in that glass dressed like their superhero outfits, made the viewing better. I felt like how it was in that crystal, shining in the lights and how it was formed, it was positioned in the right angle that you knew what the art was and could enjoy it from the way the museum put it. It was a marvelous viewing in all, and then seeing all the other fetuses was amazing too, I felt like the light the museum put it on made it stand out more and who needs angles if it’s a person, a baby.

Discussion 4: Statue of Centaur in Pompeii

 In Pompeii there was a particular statue that caught my eye, which at first I just called the horse man with a head in it. Later on by doing some research I discovered it is a centaur. I saw more pictures of it online and some were closer from on angle and even making it look like they were next to it. The viewing experience I got from it was definitely better then some picture as I could walk a full circle around it and see it from all angles and it was way higher then pictures. Looking up at the horse, seeing the head inside the centaur was better not only in person but being to look at it from all angles. It was missing pieces in certain places like the head, and then carved in was another person head in the middle of the body. This statue was not really in the guided tour so I had to look it up myself to know more about it. So seeing it first, being able to form my own questions and then doing my small finds, was amazing. I was able to say yeah I saw that, or oh that makes more sense. I really did enjoy seeing it and learning on my own more what this statue had to offer.

Discussion 3: Ostia Theater

 On May 28^th 2022, we had a day in Ostia where we got to visit ancient cities there and a place I found very interesting was the theater. We saw a theater in Pompeii that was small and only got to see from an open window and only get to see it from one angle. Looking at it only open and down, from the bottom near the stage was not as exciting as in Ostia. Seeing the Ostia theater and walking through all sides, even going all the way to the top and seeing from an aerial view was thrilling. From down below you could see all around at the people on the top and from the sides, getting to walk around and see the stage. But, on top, it was a whole other experience was I got to test out how the structure of the theater made it so everyone, no matter where sat, could hear the people on stage. A traveler with me stood at the bottom and from up there it was far, but she spoke in a normal volume and you could hear her from the top! Looking around to understand how it worked made the experience much more amazing and understanding how they used what they had, with no microphones like we do now was a phenomenal moment. This was more of a semi-self-guided tour as once it was spoken about we got to use the theater basically, as much as we could, and it made it worth it than just passing the area. Being able to walk all around it, seeing every step, all around it, bottom to top, on my own was a good independent viewing experience.